Characterization of Otarine Adenovirus 1 and Bottlenose Dolphin Adenovirus 1
IAAAM 2012
Galaxia Cortés-Hinojosa1,2; Kali Standorf1; Frances M.D. Gulland3; Tracey Goldstein4; Stephanie Venn-Watson5; Rebecca Rivera6; Gregory C. Gray2; James F.X. Wellehan Jr.1
1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 2Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 3The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA; 4Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; 5National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; 6Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, Center for Marine Veterinary Virology, San Diego, CA, USA

Abstract

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses with a medium sized genome of 26–45 kbp. They replicate inside the host nucleus and form icosahedral virions of approximately 70–90 nm. Adenoviruses are generally host specific, with many studies showing a high level of host-pathogen co-evolution. The family Adenoviridae is widely distributed among vertebrates, and there are 5 recognized genera of adenoviruses: Mastadenovirus, Avidenovirus, Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus and Ichtadenovirus.1 Of these, Mastadenovirus and Atadenovirus are known to infect mammals. Members of the genus Mastadenovirus are only found in mammals and are likely to originate in that group. Atadenoviruses evolved in lizards, and appear to have jumped into mammals.2 In cetaceans, although there is evidence of adenoviruses in beluga, bowhead, and sei whales, no characterization has been done. 3 In California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), adenovirus was first associated with hepatitis in 1979 and initial sequence characterization of a partial adenoviral polymerase gene has recently been reported.4,5 We report identification of Bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 1, the first characterized cetacean adenovirus, from an animal with gastroenteritis. We present partial genomes and phylogenetic analyses of Otarine adenovirus 1 and Bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 1. Further, we present development of quantitative PCR assays to be used for surveillance and epidemiologic studies of these viruses.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by grant No. N00014-09-1-0252 from the Office of Naval Research to JFXW, by NOAA contract 00090868 to JFXW and by an SSC Pacific contract to RR and Dr. P.K. Yochem (HSWRI).

References

1.  Benko M, Harrach B. Molecular evolution of adenoviruses. In: Doerfler W, Bohm P, eds. Adenoviruses: Model and Vectors in Virus Host Interactions.  New York, NY: Springer; 2011:3–35.

2.  Wellehan JF, Johnson AJ, Harrach B, Benko M, Pessier AP, Johnson CM, Garner MM, Childress A, Jacobson ER. Detection and analysis of six lizard adenoviruses by consensus primer PCR provides further evidence of a reptilian origin for the atadenoviruses. J Virol. 2004;78:13366–13369.

3.  Van Bressem MF, Van Waerebeek K, Raga JA. A review of virus infections of cetaceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics. Dis Aquat Organ. 1999;38(1):53–65.

4.  Dierauf LA, Lowenstine LJ, Jerome C. Viral hepatitis (adenovirus) in a California sea lion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;179:1194–1197.

5.  Goldstein T, Colegrove KM, Hanson M, Gulland FM. Isolation of a novel adenovirus from California sea lions Zalophus californianus. Dis Aquat Organ. 2011;94:243–248.

  

Speaker Information
(click the speaker's name to view other papers and abstracts submitted by this speaker)

Galaxia Cortés-Hinojosa
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL, USA


SAID=27