Recommendations for core and noncore canine vaccines
Based on existing data and Task Force expertise, the AAHA Canine Vaccination Task Force has separated vaccines into two categories, core and noncore. Core vaccines are those defined by the Task Force as vaccines recommended for all dogs irrespective of lifestyle, unless there is a specific medical reason not to vaccinate. Examples of core vaccines include canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parvovirus type 2, and rabies. Noncore vaccines are those recommended for some dogs based on lifestyle, geographic location, and risk of exposure. Canine leptospirosis vaccine, canine Bordetella vaccine, canine Lyme vaccine, canine influenza vaccine, and the Western diamondback rattlesnake toxoid are considered noncore.
Table 2 lists core and noncore vaccines as determined by the Task Force and their dosing recommendations. The designation of a core vaccine was unanimously supported by all members of the Task Force, but there was not always consensus regarding noncore vaccines. For example, some members of the Task Force asserted that the canine leptospirosis vaccine should be considered a core vaccine based on the increasing geographical prevalence of the disease. However, others preferred to leave this decision up to the veterinarian. For regions where noncore pathogens are endemic, such as canine leptospirosis and canine Lyme disease, these traditionally noncore vaccines may be considered a core vaccine by veterinary practices in those locations. As travel with pets becomes more popular and vector-borne diseases spread, patients should be carefully assessed at least annually to determine their vaccine requirements. These should be considered general rather than universally prescriptive recommendations. Veterinarians have the discretion to administer vaccines off-label when scientific data, local circumstances, or evolving standards of care support that decision. In those situations, informed consent from the client is still an important consideration.12
These guidelines have been revised from prior versions to provide consolidated and updated clinical information, allowing the veterinarian to select the best vaccines and protocols to fit individual patient needs. The guidelines are to be considered discretionary recommendations, and the Task Force emphasizes that practitioners should be aware of the importance of reviewing and following manufacturer’s label instructions for specific vaccines, including instructions on proper mixing and use of diluents. Different types of vaccines for the same pathogen may induce different immunologic responses depending on vaccine technology, formulation, route of administration, and patient factors.
2022 AAHA Core and Noncore Vaccines for Dogs*
Table 2 - Download PDF
CORE VACCINES: Recommended for all dogs irrespective of lifestyle, unless there is a specific medical reason not to vaccinate. |
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ANTIGEN | INITIAL VACCINATION | REVACCINATION | |
Dogs ≤16 Weeks of Age | Dogs >16 Weeks of Age | ||
Distemper |
At least 3 doses of a combination vaccine between 6 and 16 weeks, 2-4 weeks apart. |
2 doses of a combination vaccine, 2-4 weeks apart. |
|
Rabies |
As required by law. |
NONCORE VACCINES: Recommended for some dogs based on lifestyle, geographic location, and risk of exposure. |
|||
---|---|---|---|
ANTIGEN | INITIAL VACCINATION | REVACCINATION | |
Dogs ≤16 Weeks of Age | Dogs >16 Weeks of Age | ||
Leptospira |
Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart, starting at 12 weeks of age. |
Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart, regardless of dog’s age. |
|
Borrelia burgdorferi |
Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart. |
Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart, regardless of dog’s age. |
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica & canine parainfluenza virus |
A single (IN) dose is indicated for dogs at risk of exposure. |
|
|
Bordetella bronchiseptica & only |
Parenteral (SQ): Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart. |
|
|
Canine influenza virus-H3N8/H3N2 |
Two doses, 2-4 weeks apart. |
|
|
Crotalus atrox (Western diamondback rattlesnake) |
Dosing requirements and frequency of administration vary among dogs depending on body weight and exposure risk. |
OVERDUE VACCINES AND UNKNOWN VACCINE HISTORY |
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Core and Noncore Vaccines |
The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks in cases of dogs with unknown immune status or vaccination history. In cases of overdue vaccinations, consult specific vaccine manufacturers for instructions. A good rule of thumb is: When in doubt, vaccinate. |
||
Rabies |
Follow local laws and consult the state veterinarian as needed. |
IN, intranasal; SQ, subcutaneous.
*For dogs in shelter environments, see narrative for additional recommendations.