In a normal hip, the femoral head fits snugly inside acetabulum. Radiograph by Dr. Wendy Brooks
To understand how hips dislocate and how they can be put back in place, some knowledge of anatomy is needed. The normal hip joint can be described as a ball and socket. The thigh bone is called the femur and possesses a head that makes up the ball part of the hip joint, while the socket is an area of the pelvic bone called the acetabulum. In other words, the femoral head and acetabulum form the ball and socket of the hip joint. The femoral head is held in place by a thick ligament called the capital ligament, or simply, the round ligament of the femoral head which spans across the center of the joint. Also keeping the bones in their proper location are the hip muscles, the upper rim of the acetabulum that acts as a protective ledge, and the fact that the whole joint is enclosed in a fibrous capsule.
A dislocated hip. Radiograph by Dr. Wendy Brooks
Hip dislocation is the common term for separating the femoral head from the pelvic acetabulum. The medical term is hip luxation, and you will probably hear your veterinarian use this term. For the hip to luxate (dislocate), trauma must be severe enough to break the capital ligament and tear the joint capsule. The femur almost always luxates the same way: up and forward.
The Patient
A radiograph is necessary to confirm the luxation, but it will be clear simply from looking at the patient (assuming they are walking) that a major orthopedic problem exists. The patient will not be bearing weight on the affected leg and the leg may seem shorter than the other three.
Illustration by Dr. Wendy Brooks
If the luxation is not corrected, a false joint consisting of scarring and fibrous attachment may form, and the patient may begin to bear some weight again but not in a normal way. False joints of this sort are not very strong and do not afford a normal range of motion but may be adequate for a very small patient such as an indoor cat or sedentary toy breed dog. That said, better results are obtained if the hip can be put back together in its natural configuration.
Hip dysplasia. Radiograph by Dr. Wendy Brooks.
The Radiographs
Sometimes it is possible to tell by feeling the joint whether or not it is luxated. However, radiographs are still necessary for patient evaluation because there is additional information to be obtained beyond simply whether or not the joint is luxated. Sometimes when the capital ligament tears, a chip of bone tears off from where the ligament had attached to the femoral head. If the luxated hip were simply popped back into place with the chip in the joint, the chip would forever be trapped to grind painfully inside the joint. Instead, it should be surgically trimmed.
Radiographs are also important to assess hip dysplasia (the shallow acetabula of this condition may impede manual joint placement or may determine right off the bat that a surgical correction is needed). If the patient is a puppy or kitten, there is a growth plate (an area where the bone is growing) that may have been damaged in the trauma, and this must be assessed. In short, the status of the hip beyond simply knowing whether or not it is luxated will be important in selecting therapy.
Closed Reduction
Reduction is the act of putting the bones of the luxated joint back where they belong. Closed reduction means that the bones are put back without surgically opening the joint. If the hip appears to be normal other than the luxation, it is probably worth at least attempting closed reduction; although, after three days, local muscle contraction makes successful reduction difficult. In cats, closed reduction is problematic no matter how old the luxation is as the reduced hip frequently pops out again. Still, as mentioned, closed reduction is a non-invasive procedure and is worth a try if the hip is otherwise normal. To reduce the luxated hip, the patient must be anesthetized to relax the local muscles. The femoral head is manipulated back into place (often with a satisfying pop).
Radiographs confirm the reduction and the patient must be confined for about two weeks in a cage or a similar small area while the joint tissue heals. Traditionally, the Ehmer sling has been used to hold the leg in place during the healing period. This sling involves flexing up the knee and taping the foot to the thigh. Other similar slings can be employed to hold the "ball" inside the "socket" of the hip. The problem with slings is that they are difficult to apply. Bandage sores can result easily if the sling is not perfectly fitted. For this reason, most specialists prefer cage rest over slings and bandages for safety reasons.
Manipulating the bones back in place may sound simple enough, but it is not always successful. Cats tend to promptly reluxate (or dislocate) their hips again. Do not be surprised if closed reduction does not work and surgery is recommended.
Surgery
Many techniques of surgical treatment can be used to keep the bones where they are supposed to be. In a perfect situation, the hip is reduced, and there is only a small tear in the joint capsule. Sewing the joint capsule back together holds the femoral head where it belongs in the acetabulum.
In a less perfect situation, the joint capsule is too damaged to simply sew back together. In this situation, screws can be placed around the acetabulum, and a hole drilled through the neck of the femur. A stiff suture can run around the screws and through the femoral neck to hold the femoral head in place.
Another technique uses a pin passing from the femur, out the femoral head, and into the bone of the acetabulum like an axle (effectively re-creating the torn capital ligament).
The surgeon will choose the most appropriate method. Expect some type of bandaging to be necessary for at least a week and confinement for at least a couple of weeks after that.
The Femoral Head Ostectomy
This surgery is commonly referred to as the FHO and is best used for smaller dogs who are 50 pounds or less, for very active dogs, or for cats. Here, the femoral head is cut off and removed, allowing the joint to heal as a false joint (just a capsule connecting the two bones but no actual bone-to-bone contact). If the pet is not carrying too much weight, a false joint is strong enough. If the dog is very active, a false joint will form quickly. The pet typically does not want to use the leg for the first 2 weeks but should at least be partially using it after 4 to 6 weeks. The leg should be used nearly normally after a couple of months. Many veterinarians are well experienced with this surgery. FHO surgery is typically substantially less expensive than other procedures.
If the patient has significant hip dysplasia, this may be a good time to address the dysplasia surgically.
Femoral head cut off after FHO. Radiograph by Dr. Wendy Brooks