Abstract
Zoo veterinarians deal with animal species wherein each single treatment event may imply logistic challenges and health hazards for the animals (e.g., remote injection, immobilization). Long-acting antibiotics meet the need of providing antibiotic cover in species that are difficult to medicate on a regular basis. For domestic animals, new long-acting antibiotics were developed recently, but the question is what can be used in zoological and wildlife medicine?
With cefovecin, the very long half-life in dogs and cats allows a dosing interval of 14 days.14,15 However, species differences in pharmacokinetics are highly relevant and likely preclude the use of this antimicrobial agent in non-evaluated species.17 For cattle, pigs, and horses, a sustained release ceftiofur suspension (ceftiofur crystalline free acid, [CCFA]) was developed. Pharmacokinetic studies are underway for other species. In reptiles, other cephalosporins allow a long dosing interval (e.g., ceftazidime).13 Tulathromycin is a long-acting macrolid antibiotic used in domestic animals with the potential of evaluation for zoo animals. Long-acting tetracyclines, and doxycyline formulations have been utilized in practice for a longer time. Other modes of administration may be employed so that antibiotics are administered at a less frequent interval (e.g., ballistic implants, impregnated beads).
In Table 1, we compile a list of long-acting antibiotics that may be useful for the zoo veterinarian. Examples of pharmacokinetic data of several long-acting antibiotics are included, as well as, examples wherein long-activity is not achieved.
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Literature Cited
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