Zinc Toxicity in Marine Mammals
IAAAM 1993
Michael Walsh, DVM; Diedrich Beusse, DVM; Terry Campbell, DVM, PhD; Marty Dinnes, DVM
Sea World of Florida, Orlando, FL; Canyon Road, Saugus, CA

Pica, the compulsive eating of non-nutritive substance has been observed in wild animals as well as animals maintained in zoos and aquaria. In general this syndrome is seen in younger individuals and if present is often limited to a very small percentage of the population. Similar eating disorders in children may occur in the second year, decrease with age and have been theorized to be associated with mineral deficiencies. The pathogenic effects related to foreign materials may depend on size, configuration and the involvement of a toxic principal. The substitution of zinc (97.6%) for copper (2.4%) in pennies in 1982 has resulted in the possibility of increased exposure of zinc. Three juvenile bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and one juvenile harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) have shown zinc levels compatible with intoxication. Clinical signs such as depression, anorexia, hemorrhage, and amelanosis may be observed with chronic zinc intoxication. Diagnostic methods included whole blood or serum element levels, CBC, clinical chemistry and radiology. Tissue zinc levels are elevated in animals which may expire. Prevention of exposure of young animals or those with a history of foreign body ingestion effectively eliminates the problem. Treatment is dependent on proper diagnosis removal of foreign material if present and the use of chelating agents such as CA EDTA.

Speaker Information
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Michael T. Walsh, DVM
SeaWorld of Florida
Orlando, FL, USA


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