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ABSTRACT OF THE WEEK

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
Volume 52 | Issue 1 (2016 Jan-Feb)

Urinary Incontinence in Juvenile Female Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers: Hospital Prevalence and Anatomic Urogenital Anomalies.

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2016 Jan-Feb;52(1):27-35.
Jason Callard1, Mary A McLoughlin2, Julie K Byron3, Dennis J Chew4
1 From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.; 2 From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.; 3 From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.; 4 From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Abstract

Urinary incontinence in juvenile female dogs is often associated with urogenital anatomic anomalies. Study objectives include: (1) determine hospital prevalence of urinary incontinence in juvenile female soft-coated wheaten terriers (SCWTs) compared to other affected dogs; (2) characterize anatomic anomalies affecting urinary incontinent juvenile female SCWTs utilizing uroendoscopy; and (3) compare incidence of ectopic ureters, paramesonephric remnants, and short urethras in juvenile female urinary incontinent SCWTs to other juvenile female dogs with urinary incontinence. We hypothesize juvenile SCWTs have an increased prevalence of urinary incontinence and an increased incidence of ectopic ureters, paramesonephric remnants, and short urethras compared to non-SCWTs with urinary incontinence within our hospital population. Medical records of female dogs 6 mo of age and younger with clinical signs of urinary incontinence and video uroendoscopic evaluation presenting to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center from January 2000 to December 2011 were reviewed. Twelve juvenile SCWTs and 107 juvenile non-SCWTs met the inclusion criteria. Juvenile SCWTs were found to have an increased hospital prevalence of urinary incontinence compared to other affected breeds. Observed anomalies in SCWTs include: ectopic ureters, shortened urethras, paramesonephric remnants, and bifid vaginas. This information will help guide veterinarians in recognizing a breed-related disorder of the lower urogenital tract in SCWTs.

Companion Notes

Retrospective report on urinary incontinence in juvenile female soft‑coated wheaten terriers

    

Introduction on urinary incontinence (UC) in juvenile female dogs

- common prevalence

- affected dogs are unable to control micturition (involuntary passage of urine)

- can result from functional and/or anatomic urogenital tract anomalies

- anatomic anomalies shown the predominant cause in juvenile females

- ectopic ureters reported as the cause in 55% of incontinent juvenile dogs

- urinary incontinence can contribute to decision for relinquishment or euthanasia

- clinical signs of urinary incontinence can range in severity

- “slight dampening of perivulvar hair to leakage of daily urine production”

- urinary incontinence in juvenile dogs can be confused with the following:

- inappropriate voiding of urine

- behavioral issues

- anomalies associated with urinary incontinence in juvenile dogs include the below:

(the anomalies below can occur concurrently)

- ectopic ureters

- urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI)

- either alone or associated with a pelvic bladder

- orthotopic and ectopic ureteroceles

- patent urachus

- UC reported 6.6 times more frequent in juvenile sex:F dogs than same age sex:Ms

- this may be due to 2 factors

- true gender predisposition

- anatomical differences in urethral length

- high-pressure zones associated with prostatic and penile urethra in sex:Ms

- testing for urinary incontinence in juvenile dogs can include the following:

- survey abdominal radiography

- excretory urography

- contrast cystography

- retrograde vaginocystography

- fluoroscopy

- contrast-enhanced computed tomography

- ultrasonography

- uroendoscopy

- can magnify the luminal surface of 2 areas

- lower urinary tract

- distal reproductive tract

- reported 100% sensitive and specific for ectopic ureteral orifices in sex:Fs

(as compared to visualization during surgery via ventral cystotomy)

- urinary incontinence repeatedly cited in veterinary literature to affect certain breeds

- Labrador retriever

- golden retriever

- Doberman pinscher

- boxer

- Siberian husky

- poodle

- soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWTs)

- previous studies found the breed is associated with a number of disorders

(none of the studies used uroendoscopy in juvenile female SCWTs)

- urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

- ectopic ureters

- protein-losing enteropathies

- protein-losing nephropathies

   

Study design

- study population: dogs seen at Ohio State from 01/00-12/11

- 134 females 6 months and younger with clinical signs of urinary incontinence

- 119 had had a video uroendoscopic evaluation

- 12 juvenile SCWTs

- 107 juvenile non-SCWTs

- procedure: records retrospectively reviewed

  

Results

- juvenile SCWTs had an increased hospital prevalence of UC (16.7%)

- compared to other affected breeds with over 5% of hospital population

- observed anomalies detected in SCWTs include the following:

- ectopic ureters

- isolated to the following:

- bladder trigone

- vesicourethral junction

- proximal 1/3 of urethra

- shortened urethras

- definition = evaluator to able to see directly into the bladder lumen

- with scope positioned at external urethral meatus

- all cases had anomalies of the vaginal opening

- paramesonephric remnants, 10 cases

- central septal band dividing opening to cranial vaginal vault

- in a dorsal to ventral direction

- in 8 of the 10, the band extended to form a bifid vagina

- membrane completely covering one side of vaginal opening, 2

- bifid (double) vaginas

- septal band extending within vagina

- one portion of cranial vaginal vault ends in blind-ended pouch

- breeds with over 5% total population of juvenile sex:F dogs UC

- Labrador retriever, 11.9% of 134 dogs

(134 includes dogs not having uroendoscopy)

- ectopic ureters present in 12 of the 15 Labrador retrievers

- golden retriever, 9.7% of 134 dogs

- ectopic ureters present in 8 of the 13

- SCWT, 9.0%

- ectopic ureters present in 8 of the 12

- incidence of ectopic ureters not significant different from other 5 breeds

- mixed-breed dogs, 9.0%

- ectopic ureters present in 3 of the 10

- Siberian husky, 5.2%

- ectopic ureters present in 7 of the 7

- German shepherd dog, 5.2% (only 3 had uroendoscopy)

- uroendoscopic imaging

- ectopic ureters, 67/119 (56.3%) of the dogs

- bilateral displacement of the ureteral orifices, 55 of the 67 (82.1%)

- unilateral in 12 of the 67

- intramural ectopic ureters, 63 of the 67

- extramural ectopic ureters, 4 of the 67

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